Cost-effectiveness of an educational healthcare circuit for bariatric surgery in France.

OBJECTIVES: An educational healthcare circuit (EHC) is proposed with the objective of preventing weight recovery of patients after bariatric surgery through education and lifestyle change. The objective of this study was to measure the viability of the EHC (shared medical appointments [SMAs] combined with bariatric surgery) through cost-effectiveness analysis. The EHC presented in this study is innovative because it offers a multidisciplinary approach based on medical, psychological and dietetic expertise to combat obesity. The strategy is to give the patient a diagnosis and then a personalised follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: A mathematical model based on a decision tree (1 year) and a Markov model (10 years) to measure the efficiency and cost of an EHC in comparison with the customary care offered in France were built. METHODS: The effects of the EHC were observed for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease. The chosen financial perspective is from the point of view of the French social security system. RESULTS: The EHC records an incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER) of € 48,315.43 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) over a 1-year horizon and € 28,283.77 per QALY over 10 years (with discount rate of 8%: € 25,362.85 per QALY). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that an EHC is more expensive yet more effective than usual care. That is, in the short term, the costs are high, but at 10 years, the treatment is cost-effective, representing a feasible alternative for those patients who qualify for bariatric surgery in France.

Diagnosis of erectile dysfunction can be used to improve screening for Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of four undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk scores accounting for erectile dysfunction status. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study. Type 2 diabetes was defined according to a oral glucose tolerance test and self-reported physician diagnosis. Erectile dysfunction was defined according to the answer to the question, 'Have you had difficulties obtaining an erection in the last 6 months?' (yes/no). The risk scores used were the FINDRISC, LA-FINDRISC, American Diabetes Association score and the Peruvian Risk Score. A Poisson regression model was fitted to assess the association between Type 2 diabetes and erectile dysfunction. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was estimated overall and by erectile dysfunction status. RESULTS: A total of 799 men with a mean (sd) age of 48.6 (10.7) years were included in the study. The overall prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was 9.3%. Compared with healthy men, men with Type 2 diabetes had 2.71 (95% CI 1.57-4.66) higher chances of having erectile dysfunction. Having excluded men aware of Type 2 diabetes status (N=38), the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of three of the risk scores (not the American Diabetes Association score) improved among those who had erectile dysfunction in comparison with those who did not; for example, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of the LA-FINDRISC score was 89.6 (95% CI 78.7-99.9) in men with erectile dysfunction and 76.5 (95% CI 68.5-84.4) overall. CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based study, erectile dysfunction was more common in men with Type 2 diabetes than in the otherwise healthy men. Screening for erectile dysfunction before screening for Type 2 diabetes seems to improve the accuracy of well-known risk scores for undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes.

Mutación CCDC103: una variante rara como causa de discinesia ciliar primaria / CCDC103 mutation: a rare variant as cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia

Introducción. La discinesia ciliar primaria (DCP) es un conjunto de enfermedades caracterizadas por una disfunción de las estructuras ciliadas del epitelio bronquial y gonadal. Puede deberse a que los cilios sean inmóviles, tengan un movimiento ineficaz o, menos frecuentemente, a la ausencia total de los mismos. Como consecuencia de esta disfunción se producen las manifestaciones clínicas: bronquiectasias, sinusitis crónica y, en ocasiones, esterilidad en los varones. Se trata de la segunda causa más frecuente de enfermedad congénita respiratoria, por detrás de la fibrosis quística, con una herencia autosómica recesiva. Actualmente se están intentando identificar y definir los genes y mutaciones causantes de la enfermedad. Paciente. Se presenta un caso de DCP asociada a situs inversus en el que el diagnóstico se estableció por estudio genético. Presentamos el caso por la singularidad de la sospecha diagnóstica desde el periodo neonatal, por haberse realizado el diagnóstico a los 2 años, 9 meses (antes que la edad media habitual) y por la escasa prevalencia de la variante encontrada en la población europea. Resultados. Se identifica en este caso, en homozigosis, una variante: c.461A>C (p.H154P) en el gen CCDC103 (NM-213607.2), rara, ya que se encuentra en un 0,1% de la población europea (AU)

Introduction. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (DCP) englobes a set of diseases in which the microscopic cells in the respiratory and gonadal system do not function normally. This dysfunction is produced by immotile cilia, abnormal movement or, less frequent, absence of cilia at all. This ciliary dysfunction produces the different clinic manifestations, such as: chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis and sometimes infertility in men. It usually follows autosomal recessive genetic inheritance. The genes responsible of this disorder are actually being identified. Patient. We present a case of DCP asociated to situs inversus, in wich the diagnosis was established with genetic study. This is a singular case, because the diagnosis was done sooner than the medium age (2 years and 9 months old), it was also suspected in the neonatal period and the low prevalence of this variant. Results. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in CCDC103 (C.461A>C, p.H154P). This is a rare variant which only occurs in approximately 0.1% of european population (AU)

Prioritising public health guidance topics in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence using the Analytic Hierarchy Process.

OBJECTIVES: The Centre for Public Health (CPH), at the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is responsible for producing national guidance relating to the promotion of good health and the prevention and treatment of disease. Given the challenges of developing guidance in this area, choosing the most appropriate topics for further study is of fundamental importance. This paper explores the current prioritisation process and describes how the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique, might be used to do so. STUDY DESIGN: A proposed approach is outlined, which was tested in a proof of concept pilot. This consisted of eight participants with experience of related NICE committees building scores for each topic together in a 'decision conference' setting. METHODS: Criteria were identified and subsequently weighted to indicate the relative importance of each. Participants then collaboratively estimated the performance of each topic on each criterion. RESULTS: Total scores for each topic were calculated, which could be ranked and used as the basis for better informed discussion for prioritising topics to recommend to the Minister for future guidance. Sensitivity analyses of the dataset found it to be robust. CONCLUSIONS: Choosing the right topics for guidance at the earliest possible time is of fundamental importance to public health guidance, and judgement is likely to play an important part in doing so. MCDA techniques offer a potentially useful approach to structuring the problem in a rational and transparent way. NICE should consider carefully whether such an approach might be worth pursuing in the future.

The cost-effectiveness of weight management programmes in a postnatal population.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a weight management programme including elements of physical exercise and dietary restriction which are designed to help women lose excess weight gained during pregnancy in the vulnerable postnatal period and inhibit the development of behaviours which could lead to future excess weight gain and obesity. STUDY DESIGN: A mathematical model based on a regression equation predicting change in weight over a fifteen year postnatal period was developed. METHODS: The model included programme effectiveness and resource data based on a randomized controlled trial of a weight management programme implemented in a postnatal population in the United States. Utility and mortality data based on body mass index categories were also included. The model adopted a National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective, a lifetime time horizon and estimated the cost effectiveness of a weight management programme against a no change comparator in terms of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS: The baseline results show that the difference in weight between women who received the weight management programme and women who received the control intervention was 3.02 kg at six months and 3.53 kg at fifteen years following childbirth. This results in an ICER of £7355 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) for women who were married at childbirth. CONCLUSION: The estimated ICER would suggest that such a weight management programme is cost-effective at a NICE threshold of £20,000 per QALY. However significant structural and evidence based uncertainty is present in the analysis.

Reacción leucemoide neonatal con hiperleucocitosis extrema: a propósito de un caso / Neonatal leukemoid reaction with extreme hyperleukocytosis: a case report

La reacción leucemoide definida como un número de células blancas> 50.000/mm3 o de neutrófilos por encima de 30.000/mm3 en un fenómeno implicado en la secuencia de la enfermedad inflamatoria del prematuro, con una frecuencia que oscila entre el 1,3 al 1,5% según los diferentes estudios. Parece deberse a una aceleración transitoria en la producción de neutrófilos, suelen ser transitoria en la producción de neutrófilos, suelen ser transitorias (8,5+3 días), no causan hiperviscosidad y aparecen en pacientes sin infección probada bacteriana o viral (1). Se han descrito en asociación con diferentes condiciones clínicas incluyendo uso de esteroides neonatales, prematuridad, sepsis, anemia severas, trisomía 21 y broncodisplasia pulmonar(2). No obstatne, la hiperleucocitosis exrema que supere los 100.000 leucocitos/microlitro, sin relación a leucemia, es excepcional (1,4) (AU)

Neonatal leukemoid reactions, defined as a total leukocyte count of 50,000/mm3 or more, or an absolute neutrophil count > 30.000/mm3, are not rare in low birth weight infants (1.3%-1.5% of patients), and appear to be the kinetic result of a transient acceleration in neutrophil production. Leukemoid reactions are transient (8,5+3 days), do not cause hyperviscosity and are seen in patients with no proven infection. Neonatal leukemoid reaction has been describe in association with various clinical conditions, including prematurity, chromosomal anomalies, exposure to antenatal corticosteorids, severe anemia, infections, and brochopulmonary dysplasia. However, extreme hyperleucocytosis, exceeding a white blood cell count of 100.000/mm3 in the absence of leukaemia is rare (AU)

Consensus paper: pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias.

Intensive scientific research devoted in the recent years to understand the molecular mechanisms or neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are identifying new pathways and targets providing new insights and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in these diseases. In this consensus manuscript, the authors discuss their current views on the identified molecular processes causing or modulating the neurodegenerative phenotype in spinocerebellar ataxias with the common opinion of translating the new knowledge acquired into candidate targets for therapy. The following topics are discussed: transcription dysregulation, protein aggregation, autophagy, ion channels, the role of mitochondria, RNA toxicity, modulators of neurodegeneration and current therapeutic approaches. Overall point of consensus includes the common vision of neurodegeneration in SCAs as a multifactorial, progressive and reversible process, at least in early stages. Specific points of consensus include the role of the dysregulation of protein folding, transcription, bioenergetics, calcium handling and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression. Unresolved questions include how the dysregulation of these pathways triggers the onset of symptoms and mediates disease progression since this understanding may allow effective treatments of SCAs within the window of reversibility to prevent early neuronal damage. Common opinions also include the need for clinical detection of early neuronal dysfunction, for more basic research to decipher the early neurodegenerative process in SCAs in order to give rise to new concepts for treatment strategies and for the translation of the results to preclinical studies and, thereafter, in clinical practice.

Assessing the cost-effectiveness of type 1 diabetes interventions: the Sheffield type 1 diabetes policy model.

AIMS: To build a flexible and comprehensive long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus model incorporating the most up-to-date methodologies to allow a number of cost-effectiveness evaluations. METHODS: This paper describes the conceptual modelling, model implementation and model validation of the Sheffield type 1 diabetes policy model (version 1.0), developed through funding by the U.K. National Institute for Health Research as part of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme. The model is an individual patient-level simulation model of type 1 diabetes and it includes long-term microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macrovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and angina) diabetes-related complications and acute adverse events (severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis). The occurrence of these diabetes-related complications in the model is linked to simulated individual patient-level risk factors, including HbA1c , age, duration of diabetes, lipids and blood pressure. Transition probabilities were modelled based on a combination of existing risk functions, published trials, epidemiological studies and individual-level data from the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme. RESULTS: The model takes a lifetime perspective, estimating the impact of interventions on costs, clinical outcomes, survival and quality-adjusted life years. Validation of the model suggested that, for almost all diabetes-related complications predicted, event rates were within 10% of the normalized rates reported in the studies used to build the model. CONCLUSIONS: The model is highly flexible and has broad potential application to evaluate the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating research programme, other structured diabetes education programmes and other interventions for type 1 diabetes.

Mortalidad hospitalaria por intoxicación aguda en España (EXITOX 2012) / Hospital mortality due to acute poisoning: EXITOX 2012

Los registros de mortalidad son un instrumento para la planificación de las actuaciones en el ámbito de la salud pública. A pesar de ello, los datos sobre fallecimientos por intoxicación aguda en España son escasos. Se presenta un estudio descriptivo, de encuesta transversal, de pacientes fallecidos en el año 2012 como consecuencia de una intoxicación aguda en 8 hospitales públicos españoles, incluidos en el registro EXITOX. Se registraron 14 casos, con una edad media de 59,1 años, 71% varones y de causa suicida en el 50%. Los cáusticos fueron el principal grupo de tóxicos implicado(35,7%), seguido de los fármacos (21,4%) y las drogas de abuso (21,4%). La tasa de mortalidad por intoxicación fue de 0,5 casos/100.000 habitantes. Se utilizaron medidas terapéuticas toxicológicas específicas en el 28,6%. Se consideró como indudable la relación entre intoxicación y fallecimiento en el 71%. Aún con las limitaciones existentes, el registro EXITOX parece ser una herramienta adecuada para conocer la mortalidad por intoxicación aguda en España (AU)

Death registers are a tool for planning public health care interventions, but data on deaths due to acute poisoning are scarce in Spain. We report a descriptive study based on a cross-section of patients who died from acute poisoning in2012 in 8 Spanish public hospitals and whose deaths were recorded in the EXITOX register. Of the 14 registered cases, 7(50%) were suicides; 71% were men, and the mean age was 59.1 years. Caustic substances comprised the largest category (35.7%) of toxic agents, followed by medications (21.4%), and street drugs (21.4%). The mortality rate was0.5 deaths/100 000 inhabitants. Specific antidotes were used in 28.6% of the cases. In 71%, there was a clear relationship between death and acute poisoning. The EXITOX register, even with its limitations, seems to provide an appropriate tool for understanding mortality due to acute intoxication in Spain (AU)

[Emergent drugs (II): the Pharming phenomenon]. / Drogas emergentes (II): el pharming.

The use of medicines, with or without medical prescription, for recreational ends by the young population has received little attention from doctors. In the USA, one in five adolescents has used medicines for recreational purposes, and consultations in Emergency Departments for medicine abuse have exceeded those for illegal drugs. Although few data are available in Spain, such consumption is situated between 3.1 and 8.6% according to surveys. The medicines most used are dextromethorphan and methylphenidate. The former, on sale without prescription, presents a varied symptomatology, dosage and dependent metabolic action, ranging from euphoria to hallucinations. Methylphenidate, taken orally, nasally or intravenously, is used as a stimulant in substitution for cocaine and is one of the medicines most diverted onto the illicit market at the world level. In principle, other substances like modafinil and propofol present a limited incidence of non-medical use, but they have a probable abuse potential that should be borne in mind, above all in the health context. Finally, opiates like fentanyl, oxycodone and buprenorphine, with new pharmaceutical presentations, have recently become generalized in the therapeutic arsenal of many medical specialities; they are giving rise to phenomena of abuse, dependence and diversion towards the illicit market. Demands for detoxification treatment, their mixture with illegal substances, and cases of death should alert us to the abuse of these medicines.

Drogas emergentes (II): el pharming / Emergent drugs (II): the Pharming phenomenon

El uso por la población joven de fármacos con y sin receta médica con fines recreativos, ha tenido escasa atención por los médicos. En USA, uno de cada cinco adolescentes han usado fármacos con finalidad recreativa, y en el servicio de Urgencias, las consultas por abuso de fármacos han superado a las de drogas ilegales. Aunque es España existen pocos datos, este consumo se sitúa, según las encuestas, entre el 3,1 y el 8,6%.Los fármacos más utilizados son el dextrometorfán y el metilfenidato. El primero, de venta sin receta, presenta una sintomatología variable, dosis y acción metabólica dependiente, el cual varía desde la euforia a las alucinaciones. El metilfenidato se utiliza como estimulante sustituto de la cocaína, tanto por vía oral como nasal e intravenosa, siendo uno de los fármacos con más desvío hacia el mercado ilícito a nivel mundial. Otras sustancias como el modafinilo y el propofol presentan un uso no médico en principio de escasa incidencia, pero con un potencial de abuso a tener en cuenta, sobre todo en el ámbito sanitario. Finalmente, opiáceos como el fentanilo, la oxicodona y la buprenorfina, de reciente generalización en el arsenal terapéutico de muchas especialidades médicas y con nuevas presentaciones farmacéuticas, están produciendo fenómenos de abuso, dependencia y comercio ilícito. Las demandas de tratamiento de desintoxicación, la mezcla con sustancias ilegales y los casos de muerte, alertan sobre el abuso de estos fármacos (AU)

The use of medicines, with or without medical prescription, for recreational ends by the young population has received little attention from doctors. In the USA, one in five adolescents has used medicines for recreational purposes, and consultations in Emergency Departments for medicine abuse have exceeded those for illegal drugs. Although few data are available in Spain, such consumption is situated between 3.1 and 8.6% according to surveys. The medicines most used are dextromethorphan and methylphenidate. The former, on sale without prescription, presents a varied symptomatology, dosage and dependent metabolic action, ranging from euphoria to hallucinations. Methylphenidate, taken orally, nasally or intravenously, is used as a stimulant in substitution for cocaine and is one of the medicines most diverted onto the illicit market at the world level. In principle, other substances like modafinil and propofol present a limited incidence of non-medical use, but they have a probable abuse potential that should be borne in mind, above all in the health context. Finally, opiates like fentanyl, oxycodone and buprenorphine, with new pharmaceutical presentations, have recently become generalized in the therapeutic arsenal of many medical specialities; they are giving rise to phenomena of abuse, dependence and diversion towards the illicit market. Demands for detoxification treatment, their mixture with illegal substances, and cases of death should alert us to the abuse of these medicines (AU)

Interfases adhesivas al utilizar cementos de resina en el interior de los conductos radiculares: Comparación al MEB / Adhesive interfaces when using resin cement at the interior of the radicular duct: A SEM comparison

Se realizó una comparación micro morfológica de la interfase dentina radicular - resina de cementación de postes de fibra de vidrio con dos sistemas de resinas compuestas, Relyx UnicemTM y ParaCemTM. Veinte premolares unirradiculares, extraídos por indicación ortodóncica fueron divididos al azar en dos grupos de 10 y se les realizó terapia endodóntica convencional. Las muestras fueron desobturadas parcialmente y se cementaron los postes de fibra (Tenax Fiber White, Coltene-Whaledent) con los materiales en estudio siguiendo las indicaciones del fabricante. Posteriormente se realizaron cortes en los tercios apical, medio y cervical y se prepararon para la observación al microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Las raíces cuyos postes fueron cementados con Relyx UnicemTM no evidenciaron formación de capa hibrida en ninguno de los tercios. La interfase cemento-dentina se encontró irregular y discontinua, en cambio se encontró una intima unión poste-cemento. Las raíces en las que se utilizó el ParaCem formaron una capa híbrida uniforme y homogénea de un espesor promedio de 2 μm sólo en el tercio cervical, no encontrándose esta estructura en los tercios medio y apical. También se evidenció una intima unión poste-cemento. Conclusiones: El cemento Relyx UnicemTM, no ha formado capa híbrida a lo largo del conducto. En cambio con el ParaCemTM es posible encontrarla aunque solo a nivel cervical. No se observó formación de tags con los cementos probados en este estudio. Ambos cementos han generado unión íntima entre el poste de fibra y la resina cementante (AU)

A micro morphological study was performed; this study compared the interface between radicular dentin and resin cement, when fixing fiberglass posts with Relyx UnicemTM and ParaCemTM systems. Twenty single-rooted premolars, extracted by orthodontic indication, were divided randomly into two groups of 10 teeth each. Endodontic treatment using gutta-percha points and Grossman cement was performed. The samples were partially desobturated and the fiberglass posts (Tenax Fiber White, Coltene Whaledent) were fixed with the resin cements. The teeth roots were cut at one third, apical-center and cervical and prepared for a SEM observation. The posts cemented with Relyx-UnicemTM didn´t show a hybrid layer formation on any of the root thirds. The cement-dentin interface was found irregular and discontinuous. However, a very close union between post and cement was found. The roots on which ParaCem were used formed a uniform and homogeneous hybrid layer with a thickness average of 2 μm only on the cervical third, not on the center and apical thirds. A close post-cement union was detected, except on the apical third. No formation of tags on this study was observed (AU)

Tratamiento de la intoxicación digitálica. Bases para el uso de los anticuerpos antidigital / Digitalis poisoning: the basis for treatment with antidigoxin antibodies

La intoxicación digitálica, sobre todo asociada a un tratamiento crónico con este fármaco, es un motivo recurrente de consulta a los servicios de urgencias españoles. La intoxicación aguda es excepcional y podría presentarse tanto en una tentativa de suicidio como por la ingesta de plantas presentes en nuestro medio y que contienen glucósidos digitálicos. La insuficiencia renal, al modificar la cinética de la digoxina, es un importante factor precipitante de reacciones adversas y graves a este medicamento. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas, y predominan las digestivas (náuseas, vómitos, diarreas, dolor abdominal) y circulatorios (inestabilidad, mareos, síncope, lipotimia). Las bradiarritmias (fibrilación auricular lenta, bloqueos de conducción) son frecuentes y pueden acabar en asistolia. Las taquiarritmias podrían conducir a la fibrilación ventricular. En las intoxicaciones agudas, la hiperpotasemia es un factor de riesgo de parada cardiaca. La concentración plasmática de digoxina permite evaluar la gravedad de una intoxicación, siempre y cuando se haya alcanzado el equilibrio de distribución entre las concentraciones plasmáticas y tisulares. El tratamiento de la intoxicación aguda precisa la administración de carbón activado en las primeras horas tras la ingesta. En las intoxicaciones agudas o por tratamiento crónico, es necesaria la monitorización electrocardiográfica continua y normalizar, en caso necesario, las concentraciones de potasio y magnesio. Las bradiarritmias se tratan con atropina como fármaco de primera elección y las arritmias ventriculares con fenitoína o lidocaína. Las situaciones de riesgo vital requieren eluso de anticuerpos antidigital, y se recomienda la disponibilidad de este antídoto en loshospitales considerados de referencia o alta tecnología, el cual deberá dosificarse en función de la carga corporal total de digoxina (AU)

Digitalis poisoning, particularly in persons under long-term digoxin therapy, is a reason for repeated visits to Spanish emergency departments. Acute poisoning is rare but may occur as a result of attempted suicide or the intake of plants that contain cardiac glycosides. Kidney failure modifies digoxin pharmacokinetics and is an important trigger for severe adverse reactions to the drug. Clinical manifestations are nonspecific but usually include gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain) along with circulatory effects (hemodynamic instability, dizziness or lightheadedness, and syncope). Bradycardia (slow atrial fibrillation, conduction blocks) is common and may cause systole. Tachyarrhythmias may lead to ventricular fibrillation. In acute digitalis poisoning, hyperkalemia is a risk factor for cardiac arrest. The digoxin plasma concentration can indicate the severity of the poisoning, provided the tissue-to plasma ratio is at steady state. To treat acute poisoning, administer activated charcoal within the first few hours after digitalis intake. In such cases, or in poisoning during long-term digoxin therapy, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is essential and potassium and magnesium concentrations should be brought within the normal range. The first-line treatment for bradycardia is atropine. Ventricular arrhythmias are treated with phenytoin or lidocaine. In life threatening situations, antidigox in antibodies must be used. They should be available in all referral or high-level tertiary care facilities and are administered according to the total digoxin body load (AU)

Estudio poblacional de los prematuros en el Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara años 2010 / Population study of premature infants in the University Hospital of Guadalajara year 2010

En las unidades de neonatología llama poderosamente la atención el aumento de hijos de padres inmigrantes y el incremento del número de prematuros tardíos. Actualmente, uno de cada cinco nacimientos en España se puede atribuir a la población inmigrante. El 69% de las mujeres inmigrantes tiene entre 15 y 49 años, comparado con el 48% de las españolas. Mientras que la tasa de prematuridad se mantiene constante en un 7-8% , los prematuros tardíos se han incrementado un 13% desde el 2001 suponiendo los prematuros tardíos un 75% de todos ellos. La prematuridad es la principal causa de muerte en el primer mes de vida y la segunda causa de morbilidad fetal o neonatal tras las malformaciones congénitas. La tasa de morbimortalidad en esta población es más baja de la de prematuros de EG más baja, pero mayor que en los recién nacidos a término, presentando sobre todo alta tasa de mal adaptación pulmonar, membrana hialiina, apneas, inestabilidad térmica, hipoglucemia, hipocalcemia, anemia, ictericia, problemas neurológicos (el volumen cerebral en la semana 34ª es el 65% del término). La razón por la que han aumentado en número no es bien conocida. Una hipótesis sería el aumento en las técnicas de reproducción asistida, que generarían un incremento en el número de embarazos múltiples. La segunda hipótesis son los avances en la práctica obstétrica que han llevado a un incremento en el número de intervenciones médicas y quirúrgicas durante el embarazo (AU)

One out of five births actually in Spain is due to foreign parents, which is higher tan the proportion of immigrants in the whole population. This can be explained by a higher fecundity rate and because this population is younger than Spanish (69% of immigrants women have an age between 15 and 49, compare to 48% of Spanish women). The number of preterm births has increased too in the last years up to 7-8%, specially late preterm infants, (define by birth at 34 0/7 through 36 6/7 weeks gestation), which have increased a 13% from 2001. The characteristics of late-preterm infants predispose them to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than term infant greater risk of respiratory distress, apnea, hypoglycemia, temperature instability, anemia, jaundice, feeding difficulties, cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental handicaps. The reason for the increase in late-preterm births during the last decade is not well understood. One hypothesis is that it may be attributable to increased use of reproductive technologies, and an increase in multifetal pregnancies. An-other hypothesis is that advances is obstetric practice have led to an increase in surveillance and medical interventions during pregnancy (AU)

Experiencia en el Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara del uso de sedación intravenosa para la realización de endoscopia gastrointestinal pediátrica / Experience in the University Hospital of Guadalajara of the use of intravenous sedation to perform pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy

Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo desde mayo 2007 hasta abril 2011. El objetivo del mismo ha sido estudiar: la utilidad de la prueba, las medicaciones utilizadas, la seguridad del procedimiento y la satisfacción del paciente. Todas las sedaciones fueron administradas por médicos especialistas en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos y realizadas por gastroenterólogos pediátricos. Resultados: La sedación se realizó en 159 pacientes, de entre 1 y 15 años. De ellas: 147 fueron endoscopias digestivas altas, 9 colonoscopias y 3 panendoscopias. Las indicaciones fueron: sospecha de enfermedad celíaca (61,6%), epigastralgia/gastritis (11,9%), sospecha de ERGE/disfagia (8,8%), Helicobacter pylori resistente a tratamiento (6,3%), rectorragia (5,7%), y otras (5,7%). Los fármacos utilizados fueron midazolam y ketamina, en bolo, en combinación. La dosis total media de midazolam fue de 0,17 mg/kg, encontrando una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre la dosis de midazolam utilizada y la edad del paciente, para el grupo de edad de 1-3 años. Las complicaciones fueron infrecuentes (16,4%), de ellas solo en 2 casos del total (1,3%) fueron respiratorias severas, no pudiéndose terminar el procedimiento. Conclusiones. La práctica de la endoscopia digestiva pediátrica en nuestro Hospital es segura, realizada con una correcta monitorización y personal adecuadamente entrenado. Las complicaciones severas fueron infrecuentes (AU)

Material and methods. We performed a descriptive retrospective study from May 2007 to April 2011. Its objective was to study: the usefulness of the test, medications used, the procedure's safety and patient satisfaction. All sedation was administered by physicians specializing in pediatric intensive care and performed by pediatric gastroenterologists. Results. Sedation was performed in 159 patients, between 1 and 15 years old. On these 147 were upper endoscopies, 9 colonoscopies and 3 panendoscopies. Indications were: suspected celiac disease (61,6%), epigastric pain/gastritis (11,9%), suspected GERD/dysphagia (8.8%), treatment-resistant Helicobacter pylori (6.3%), rectal bleeding (5.7%) and others (5.7%). The drugs used were midazolam and ketamine, bolus, in combination. The overall average dose of midazolam was 0,17 mg/kg, a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) was found between the dose of midazolam used and the patient's age, for age group 1-3 years old. Complications were infrequent (16.4%) of which only 2 cases of total (1.3%) were severe respiratory, not being able to complete the process. Conclusions. The practice of pediatric endoscopy in our hospital is safe, made with proper monitoring and adequately trained personnel. Severe complications were rare (AU)

Cáncer infantil de origen ocupacional: leucemias y linfomas / Childhood cancer of occupations origin: leukemia and lymphomas

Entre lo niños de edades comprendidas entre 5-12 años el cáncer es la segunda causa de mortalidad, precedida solo por los accidentes, y en el grupo de edad de 1-4 años es la 3º causa de mortalidad, después de accidentes y anomalías congénitas. La leucemia es el tipo de cáncer más común entre los niños, con un pico de incidencia entre los 2 y 4 años. El 80% de leucemias a esta edad son del tipo leucemia linfoblástica aguada (LLA). En los últimos años se han revisado factores de riesgo, que incluyen: factores genéticos, características al nacimiento, exposición prenatal a hormonas exógenas, radiaciones prenatales, infecciones virales y radiaciones postnatales. Más recientemente, numerosos estudios han sugerido que la exposición ocupacional de los padres puede estar implicada en la etiología del cáncer infantil. Nosotros hemos realizado una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura sobre estudios observacionales, revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis en relación con la exposición ocupacional paterna/materna a pesticidas, solventes, colorantes, petróleo y sus derivados, plomo y componentes de plomo, polvo orgánico, polvo de madera, radiaciones, campos electromagnéticos y otros posibles agentes carcinogénicos como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo posterior de leucémica y linfoma infantil (AU)

Among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years, cancer is the second cause of death, preceded only by accidents, and in the age group of 1 and 4 years, it is the tried cause of death after accidents and congenital anomalies. Leukaemia is the most common cancer among children with a peak incidence between 2 and 4 years old. Almost 80% of the leukaemias in this age group are of the acute lymphoblastic type. In the last few years, risk factors have been reviewed which include: genetic factors, birth characteristics, prenatal exposure to exogenous hormones, irradiation, viral infections and postnatal irradiation. More recently, several studies have suggested that occupational exposure of parents may be involved in the etiology of childhood cancer. We have performed a review of the literature on observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis in relation to paternal/maternal occupational exposure to pesticides, solvents, dyes, petroleum and petroleum products, lead and lead compounds, organic dust, powder wood, radiation fields and other potencial carcinogens as risk factors for later development of leukaemia and lymphoma in children (AU)

Cáncer infantil de origen ocupacional: neuroblastoma y tumores del SNC / Childhood cancer of occupational origin: neuroblastoma and CNS tumors

Numerosos estudios han sugerido que la exposición ocupacional paterna y materna a diferentes sustancias químicas y campos electromagnéticos, puede tener un papel en la etiología del cáncer infantil. La aparición en edades muy tempranas de los casos de cáncer infantil puede estar relacionado con factores etiológicos que influyan en la concepción, embarazo y primera infancia, tales como la ocupación parental. Por su frecuencia en la infancia vamos a centrarnos en los estudios que relacionan la exposición ocupacional parental con la parición de neuroblastoma y tumores del SNC en la descendencia (AU)

Numerous studies have suggested that paternal pre-conceptional occupational exposures may have a role in the aetiology of childhood cancers. Because a remarkable number of childhood cancers occur at very young ages, it has been hypothesized than causes may operate during the prenatal and neonatal period, like parental occupational exposure. Due to the frequency in childhood, we review the studies that establish a relation between occupational exposure in parents and cases of neuroblastoma and central nervous system tumours in offspring (AU)

The effectiveness of training and support for carers and other professionals on the physical and emotional health and well-being of looked-after children and young people: a systematic review.

Looked-after children and young people (LACYP) are recognized as a high-risk group for behavioural and emotional problems, and additional specialist training for foster carers may reduce such problems. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of additional training and support provided to approved carers, professionals and volunteers on the physical and emotional health and well-being of LACYP (including problem behaviours and placement stability). Searches of health and social science databases were conducted and records were screened for inclusion criteria. Citation and reference list searches were conducted on included studies. Included studies were synthesized and critically appraised. Six studies were included (five randomized controlled trials and one prospective cohort study), all of which focused on foster carers. Three studies reported a benefit of training and three reported no benefit but no detriment. Those reporting a benefit of training were conducted in the USA, and had longer-duration training, shorter follow-up assessment and recruited carers of younger children than studies that reported no benefit of training, which were conducted in the UK. Whether the difference in results is due to the type of training or to cultural or population differences is unclear. The findings suggest a mixed effect of training for foster carers on problem behaviours of LACYP. The evidence identified appears to suggest that longer-duration training programmes have a beneficial effect on the behaviour problems of LACYP, although future research should examine the impact of training durations and intensity on short-medium and longer-term outcomes of LACYP of different ages. Only training and support for foster carers was identified.

Supporting the transition of looked-after young people to independent living: a systematic review of interventions and adult outcomes.

This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of transition support services (TSSs) that are delivered towards the end of care for looked-after young people (LAYP) on their adult outcomes, including education, employment, substance misuse, criminal and offending behaviour, parenthood, housing and homelessness and health. Searches of health, social science and social care bibliographic databases were conducted and records were screened for relevance. Citation and reference list searches were conducted on included studies. Relevant studies were synthesized and critically appraised. Seven studies were identified (five retrospective and two prospective cohort studies), six of which were conducted in the USA and one in the UK. Overall, LAYP who received TSSs were more likely to complete compulsory education with formal qualifications, be in current employment, be living independently and less likely to be young parents. There was no reported effect of the impact of TSSs on crime or mental health, and mixed findings for homelessness. The range of TSS components investigated and reported varied considerably within and between studies, with limited evidence of long-term outcomes. The literature reviewed offers no reliable conclusions on the effectiveness of TSSs at this time due to variations in research quality and because few formal evaluations of existing TSSs have been conducted, resulting in mixed evidence in terms of positive, negative and neutral impact on outcomes. Further high-quality, robust research to evaluate the effectiveness of TSSs on adult outcomes for young people in the short, medium and longer term is needed to address the health inequalities experienced by this small but vulnerable group and to inform decision making about service provision.